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Additional Helpful Information for Schizophrenia

February 13, 2023 Written by Ethan Wise

You can find all the articles I shared relating to this topic using this link. While the title of these articles may not spell out the word schizophrenia, they do discuss and share valuable information on the topic I recommend you do read, write down, save, and share.

This is an article that will continue doing what a previous article did, which is to compile and share useful information to help you with your research, to promote education, debate, and to preserve the information for posterity in the form of quotes and PDFs.

Let’s get started,

  • A good article from Food for the Brain can be found here and a PDF version of this article I created to archive the information can be found here
  • Another article, predictably not as good, from WebMD can be found here. Here’s a PDF version I saved to archive the info

Orthomolecular

Consult with functional medicine doctors or orthomolecular practitioners about this. When you need to look at nutrition, consult with the nutrition experts. But, of course I will provide the disclaimer we all know: ask your doctor before changing your diet etc.. non of this info is medical advice. In fact everything you are reading here is not mainstream medical advice, not a medical treatment, not medical advice, and is heresy that you should avoid. Do not consider any of the information found here. Or, be your own doctor, you still have that right to self determination and self-help.

  • There is a book called What Really Causes Schizophrenia by HAROLD D. FOSTER. Search for a free PDF online or purchase the book. It is worth considering what it says.
  • MEGAVITAMIN AND ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY IN PSYCHIATRY – Download the free PDF
  • Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal Vol. 20 March 1975 MEGAVITAMIN AND ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA – Download the free PDF

An orthomolecular approach to the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders – Mark Zell 1, Oliver Grundmann PMID: 23341413
Abstract
Orthomolecular medicine is based on the use of endogenous and naturally occurring substances to supplement deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and other essential substances in the human body. Although the medical community has long regarded it as a nonscientific approach to healing, scientific and clinical evidence is emerging for the supplemental use of orthomolecular medicine in the treatment of schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatrists currently treat these common psychiatric disorders using a wide range of pharmacological approaches that often have significant side effects, resulting in patients’ noncompliance. With newly gained knowledge about the neurophysiology and neuropathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, researchers now can link potential mechanisms for both pharmacological and orthomolecular treatments to physiological processes. In many cases, the use of orthomolecular supplements may provide a feasible addition to conventional drug therapy.
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23341413/

Vitamin therapy in schizophrenia – Leonard John Hoffer 1 – PMID: 18587164 – Free article
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating and poorly understood disease for which the only accepted therapy is nonspecific antipsychotic and anti-seizure medication. This article summarizes the evidence that certain vitamin deficiencies likely worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia, and the evidence that large doses of certain vitamins could improve the core metabolic abnormalities that predispose some people to develop it; it recounts the history of a controversial vitamin-based therapy for schizophrenia called orthomolecular psychiatry; and it concludes by advocating a process for discovering promising new schizophrenia therapies that involves small, carefully conducted clinical trials of nutrient combinations in appropriately selected patients.
Read: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18587164/

Orthomolecular treatment for schizophrenia. I – A Hoffer – PMID: 4486647

Orthomolecular treatment for schizophrenia. II – A Hoffer – PMID: 4486654

Other Info

Quote:

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is among the world’s top ten causes of long-term disability. The symptoms of schizophrenia include psychosis, apathy and withdrawal, and cognitive impairment, which lead to problems in social and occupational functioning, and self-care. About 1% of the population is affected by schizophrenia, with similar rates across different countries, cultural groups, and sexes. The illness tends to develop between the ages of 16 and 30 years, and mostly persists throughout the patient’s lifetime. The cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but evidence suggests that genetic factors, early environmental influences (eg, obstetric complications), and social factors (eg, poverty) contribute. No biological alterations are pathognomonic of schizophrenia, although several pathophysiological differences exist in a wide range of brain structures. Antipsychotic medications are the mainstay for managing schizophrenia. A range of psychosocial treatments are also helpful, including family intervention, supported employment, cognitive-behaviour therapy for psychosis, social skills training, teaching illness self-management skills, assertive community treatment, and integrated treatment for co-occurring substance misuse.
Source https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2804%2916458-1/fulltext

Stress

Quote: A first link between chronic stress, genetics, and mental illness has recently observed in mice. Researchers have discovered that the genes of mice exposed to chronic stress change over time. Modifications were most associated with genes related to a variety of mental illnesses, such as depression, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia.1-3

Source

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/stress-induced-dna-modification-may-play-role-mental-illness/

The references used in the quote above are:
1- http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01195-y
2-http://www.news.emory.edu/stories/2017/10/mysterious_methylation_adenine/index.html
3- http://www.sciencealert.com/new-type-epigenetic-change-discovered-in-stressed-mammals

Quotes From PubMed

The effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on symptoms of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Method: We conducted a systematic review of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting effects of vitamin and/or mineral supplements on psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate the standardized mean difference between nutrient and placebo treatments.

Conclusions: There is preliminary evidence that certain vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce psychiatric symptoms in some people with schizophrenia. Further research is needed to examine how the benefits of supplementation relate to nutrient deficits and the impact upon underlying neurobiological pathways, in order to establish optimal nutrient formulations for improving clinical outcomes in this population. Future studies should also explore the effects of combining beneficial nutrients within multi-nutrient formulas.

Keywords: Adjunctive; diet; food; nutrition; psychosis.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28202095/

Nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and schizophrenia: An association worthy of constant reassessment – Olakunle James Onaolapo and Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder that occurs worldwide, cutting across cultures, socioeconomic groups, and geographical barriers. Understanding the details of the neurochemical basis of schizophrenia, factors that contribute to it and possible measures for intervention are areas of ongoing research. However, what has become more evident is the fact that in targeting the neurochemical imbalances that may underlie schizophrenia, the type of response seen with currently available phamacotherapeutic agents does not provide all the answers that are needed. Therefore, the possible contribution of non-pharmacological approaches to schizophrenia management is worthy of consideration. In recent times, research is beginning to show nutrition may play a possibly significant role in schizophrenia, affecting its development, progression and management; however, while attempts had been made to examine this possible relationship from different angles, articles addressing it from a holistic point of view are not common. In this review, we examine existing scientific literature dealing with the possible relationship between nutrition and schizophrenia, with a view to elucidating the impact of diet, nutritional deficiencies and excesses on the aetiology, progression, management and outcome of schizophrenia. Secondly, the effect of nutritional supplements in prevention, as sole therapy, or adjuncts in schizophrenia management are examined.

CONCLUSION
Overall, despite our current knowledge of the possible links between nutrition and schizophrenia, and some tentative pathways for this relationship, the larger challenge remains how to get to the point where precision dietary manipulation becomes a widely-accepted approach to schizophrenia prevention and a day-to-day management strategy.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8554424/

A PDF version can be downloaded here

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of conducting a nutrition trial in adult male prisoners. Adult male prisoners were recruited for a 16-week randomised control trial comparing the effect of ingestion of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) and multivitamin supplements versus placebo on aggressive behaviour. The baseline and post-intervention assessments from the participant blood samples were the erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels as well as measures of aggressive behaviour determined through institutional records of misconduct (IRM), the Inmate Behaviour Observation Scale (IBOS), and questionnaires. A total of 136 adult male prisoners consented to the study with a retention rate of 60%, and 93% of blood samples were successfully collected. The IRM and IBOS scores were collected for 100% of participants, whilst 82–97% of participants completed the questionnaires. From the baseline data, the Odds Ratio shows that prisoners are 4.3 times more likely to have an IBOS >2 if they are below the 6% cut off on the omega-3 index. Both groups improved across all outcome measures and, at the current sample size, no significant differences were seen between them. A power calculation suggests a total sample size of 600 participants is required to detect the effects of this dietary supplementation, and that this supplementation study is feasible in a Correctional Centre. Important criteria for the exclusion and consideration of logistics and compliance are presented.

effect of ingestion of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) and multivitamin supplements versus placebo on aggressive behaviour.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551402/


You can download a PDF version here

Severe Psychotic Symptoms in Youth with PANS/PANDAS: Case-Series

Results: Among the group of individuals with PANDAS/PANS disorders, eight children/adolescents were selected, six coming from the UMDNJ-New Jersey and two from Catania, University centers showing among the other typical manifestations severe episodes of abrupt onset of psychotic symptoms. Conclusions: Severe psychotic symptoms may be considered one among the other neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations presenting in individuals with PANDAS/PANS syndromes.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32700992/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20Severe%20psychotic%20symptoms%20may,individuals%20with%20PANDAS%2FPANS%20syndromes.

Association between pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections disease and tumor necrosis factor-α gene−308 g/a, −850 c/t polymorphisms in 4-12-year-old children in Adana/Turkey

Researched the topic of: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal, polymorphism, streptococcus, tumor necrosis factor-α gene

OBJECTIVES:
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) is a newly defined disease in neuropsychiatry and occurs with an autoimmune mechanism after Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) infection. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), encoded by TNF-α gene has an important role in the apoptotic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. Recently, TNF-α polymorphisms and autoimmune/psychiatric disorders have been reported to be related. In this regard, we focused on to investigate a possible relation between the TNF-α gene promoter region−308 G/A and − 850 C/T polymorphisms and PANDAS.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene was selected because it is an important cytokine secreted by monocyte, phagocyte T-and B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells and it is association with autoimmune-based neuropsychiatric disorders has been proposed previously. Moreover, primary incentive for us to research on this topic is that there has not been any research performed on TNF-α, which is a part of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) complex and autoimmune-based PANDAS disorder. Secondly, TNF-α-308 G/A and − 850 C/T polymorphisms have been shown to be related with autoimmune-based disorders which makes it plausible to think that these polymorphisms could also be related to PANDAS. Despite other researches on this issue, the relationship between neuropsychiatric disorders specifically PANDAS and GABHS infections are not completely understood yet. One reason for this uncertainty is the triggering of other existing factors.

If the PANDAS patients are not treated for longer periods, schizophrenic symptoms may be unavoidable because of the damage in particular parts of the brain.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758727/

Download the PDF file here

Let’s let the Artificial Intelligence (AI) ChatGPT do some searching .. Here’s what it found:

Disclaimer: The AI is not a doctor. It is a good tool to search resources. It is experimental hence should not be trusted. Nothing mentioned on this page and website is medical advice. All the answers below were obtained between 2/11/2023 and 2/13/2023 and these provide you an idea on where to start your research, and an education on possible connections.

1. Minerals – Quote:

There is evidence to suggest that abnormalities in the levels of certain minerals can be associated with the development of schizophrenia. These minerals include:

Magnesium: Magnesium is involved in many important cellular processes and has been shown to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Low levels of magnesium have been found in the brain and serum of individuals with schizophrenia.

Zinc: Zinc is involved in the functioning of the immune system, and it has also been shown to play a role in the regulation of neurotransmitter function. Low levels of zinc have been found in the serum and brain of individuals with schizophrenia.

Copper: Copper is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and has also been shown to play a role in the regulation of the immune system. Abnormal levels of copper have been found in the blood of individuals with schizophrenia.

Iron: Iron is involved in the transport of oxygen in the blood and is also necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Abnormal levels of iron have been found in the blood of individuals with schizophrenia.

It is important to note that while these mineral abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia, they are not the sole cause of the disorder and more research is needed to fully understand their role.

Here are some resources for further reading:

  • “Mineral abnormalities in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology” by L. S. Chukwu and S. K. Bukar, published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 47, Issue 10, October 2013.
  • “The role of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia” by S. R. Keshavan and R. L. Narayan, published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 45, Issue 10, October 2011.
  • “Copper, iron, and zinc in schizophrenia” by H. S. El-Mallakh and J. C. Thompson, published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Volume 64, Suppl. 2, 2003.

2. Minerals – Quote:

There is evidence to suggest that mineral imbalances can contribute to the development of schizophrenia. However, it’s important to note that the exact relationship between minerals and schizophrenia is complex and not yet fully understood.

Studies have found that people with schizophrenia often have altered levels of certain minerals in their blood, such as magnesium, zinc, and iron. These imbalances can affect brain function and lead to the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Magnesium, for example, plays a role in neurotransmitter function and has been found to be low in the blood of people with schizophrenia. Low magnesium levels have also been associated with an increased risk of psychosis.

Zinc is another mineral that has been linked to schizophrenia. Zinc is involved in many biological processes, including neurotransmitter function and brain development. Some studies have found that people with schizophrenia have low levels of zinc in their blood and that supplementation with zinc can improve symptoms.

Iron is also involved in brain function and has been found to be altered in people with schizophrenia. Iron imbalances have been linked to changes in brain structure and function, as well as changes in neurotransmitter levels.

Magnesium and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature, by A.F. Slooff, L. J. Gombert, and J.H.G. Pfeiffer, published in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 44, No. 2 (1998), pp. 126-131.

Zinc in Schizophrenia: A Review, by M. Olanow, published in the Journal of Neural Transmission, Vol. 108, No. 12 (2001), pp. 1141-1152.

Iron in the Brain: Too Much or Too Little Can Lead to Neurodegeneration, by G.E. Gibson, published in Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 35, No. 1 (2010), pp. 17-24.

3. Minerals – Quote:

Zinc: Zinc is an essential mineral that plays a role in neurotransmitter function and is involved in regulating the activity of the brain. A study found that people with schizophrenia had lower levels of zinc in their blood compared to healthy individuals (Source: “Zinc and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of biomarkers in serum, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid,” World Journal of Psychiatry, 2016).

Magnesium: Magnesium is involved in various brain functions and has been found to be deficient in some people with schizophrenia. A study showed that supplementation of magnesium improved the symptoms of schizophrenia (Source: “The effects of magnesium supplementation on the symptoms of schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2012).

Iron: Iron is important for brain development and function and has been linked to the development of schizophrenia. A study found that people with schizophrenia had lower levels of iron in their brain compared to healthy individuals (Source: “Iron in the brain in schizophrenia,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2019).

In conclusion, studies have shown that deficiencies in trace minerals, such as zinc, magnesium, and iron, may be linked to the development of schizophrenia. Further research is needed to determine the exact mechanisms behind these links and the potential benefits of supplementation in managing symptoms.

Sources:

  • “Zinc and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of biomarkers in serum, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid,” World Journal of Psychiatry, 2016.
  • “The effects of magnesium supplementation on the symptoms of schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2012.
  • “Iron in the brain in schizophrenia,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2019.

4. Minerals – Quote:

A growing body of evidence suggests that mineral deficiencies may play a role in the development of schizophrenia.

One study conducted by the Department of Psychiatry, University of Ankara School of Medicine, Turkey, found that people with schizophrenia had lower levels of zinc and magnesium in their blood compared to healthy controls. The researchers suggested that these mineral deficiencies may contribute to the development of the disease.

Another study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology found that supplementation with magnesium and zinc improved symptoms of schizophrenia in a group of patients with the disorder. The authors of this study concluded that magnesium and zinc supplementation may be a useful treatment option for schizophrenia.

In a review of the literature on the topic, researchers found that there is evidence to suggest that people with schizophrenia may have deficiencies in a range of minerals, including iron, calcium, and selenium, which could contribute to the symptoms of the disorder.

In conclusion, the growing body of evidence suggests that mineral deficiencies may play a role in the development of schizophrenia, and supplementing with minerals like zinc, magnesium, iron, calcium, and selenium may be helpful in improving symptoms of the disorder.

Resources:

  • Department of Psychiatry, University of Ankara School of Medicine, Turkey. (n.d.). Zinc and magnesium levels in blood of patients with schizophrenia. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22630069
  • Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. (n.d.). Magnesium and zinc supplementation in schizophrenia. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876620
  • Minerals and Schizophrenia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/integrative-mental-health-care/201704/minerals-and-schizophrenia

5. Lithium – Quote:

Lithium is a commonly prescribed mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, but it has also been found to be effective in treating schizophrenia as well. Lithium works by modulating the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, which helps to regulate mood and reduce symptoms of both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Studies have shown that lithium can significantly reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, as well as improve mood, cognition, and overall functioning. Lithium has also been shown to reduce the risk of relapse and hospitalization in individuals with schizophrenia, making it an effective and potentially life-saving treatment option.

One study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry found that lithium was as effective as traditional antipsychotics in treating symptoms of schizophrenia and had fewer side effects. Another study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry found that lithium was particularly effective in reducing symptoms of positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, and showed improvement in overall functioning.

Overall, the evidence supports the use of lithium as a treatment option for schizophrenia, and it has been shown to be particularly effective in reducing symptoms of positive symptoms and improving overall functioning.

Sources:

  • American Journal of Psychiatry: “Lithium for Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.”
  • British Journal of Psychiatry: “Lithium for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.”
  • National Institute of Mental Health: “Schizophrenia.”
  • Harvard Health Publishing: “Lithium: A Double-Edged Sword in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder.”

6. PANDAS – Quote:

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, and a range of other symptoms. PANDS, or Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections, is a condition in which a streptococcal infection is believed to trigger an autoimmune response that results in symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia.

Research has shown that there is a link between schizophrenia and PANDS. A study published in the journal “Psychiatry Research” in 2009 found that a significant number of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia had a history of streptococcal infections, and that these infections may have played a role in the development of the disorder. Another study published in the journal “Psychology Research and Behavior Management” in 2014 found that children diagnosed with PANDS had significantly higher levels of antibodies to streptococcal infections compared to controls, suggesting that the autoimmune response to these infections may play a role in the development of the condition.

In conclusion, the available evidence suggests that there is a link between schizophrenia and PANDS, and that streptococcal infections may play a role in the development of the disorder.

Sources:

-Psychiatry Research. (2009). The association between streptococcal infections and obsessive-compulsive disorder, tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759088/

-Psychology Research and Behavior Management. (2014). Autoimmune processes in paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) and Tourette’s syndrome. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4234603/

7. PANDAS – Quote:

Schizophrenia and PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections) are two distinct conditions that have been linked by recent research. PANDAS is a subgroup of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders, in which symptoms are triggered by streptococcal infections. On the other hand, Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

Several studies have suggested a link between PANDAS and Schizophrenia. For example, a study published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology found that some children with PANDAS may go on to develop Schizophrenia. Another study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry found that a significant proportion of patients diagnosed with PANDAS later developed Schizophrenia.

The exact mechanism behind the link between PANDAS and Schizophrenia is not yet clear, but researchers have suggested that the immune response to streptococcal infections may play a role. Some have proposed that the autoimmune response in PANDAS may result in inflammation of the brain, leading to the development of Schizophrenia.

In conclusion, while more research is needed to fully understand the link between Schizophrenia and PANDAS, current evidence suggests that there is a connection between the two conditions.

Sources:

8. B Vitamins – Quote:

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, delusions, and hallucinations. Research has shown that B vitamins, particularly B9 (folic acid) and B12, may play a role in the development and treatment of schizophrenia.

Studies have found that individuals with schizophrenia often have low levels of B vitamins, particularly B9 and B12, in their blood compared to healthy individuals. A lack of these vitamins in the diet can result in a decline in neurotransmitter function and increase oxidative stress, which has been linked to the onset of schizophrenia.

Supplementation with B9 and B12 has been shown to improve symptoms in some individuals with schizophrenia. For example, a study found that individuals who received B12 supplementation showed significant improvement in symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia compared to those who did not receive supplementation. Another study found that folic acid supplementation improved symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia who had low levels of B9 in their blood.

In conclusion, the evidence suggests that B vitamins, particularly B9 and B12, may play a role in the development and treatment of schizophrenia.

Sources:

  • “The Role of B-Vitamins in Schizophrenia.” Brain & Behavior Research Foundation, 15 June 2015, bbrfoundation.org/role-b-vitamins-schizophrenia.
  • “Folic acid and vitamin B12 in depression and schizophrenia.” PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956901/.
  • “Vitamin B12 and Schizophrenia.” Schizophrenia.com, schizophrenia.com/vitamin-b12-and-schizophrenia/.

Note from Ethan 2/11/2023: In these cases, and any individual with B vitamin problems, or methylation problems, please look into Folate , the natural form of Folic Acid .. some humans cannot benefit rom FA as they do from the natural form i.e Folate.

9. Trauma – Quote:

Childhood trauma is a well-known risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. Research suggests that individuals who experience traumatic events in childhood are more likely to experience symptoms of psychosis, including hallucinations and delusions.

A study conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health found that individuals who experienced childhood trauma were nearly three times more likely to develop schizophrenia compared to those who did not experience childhood trauma. This study was based on a sample of over 6,000 participants, making it one of the largest studies to investigate the link between childhood trauma and schizophrenia.

Another study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research found that individuals with a history of childhood trauma were more likely to experience negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as apathy and withdrawal, compared to those without a history of childhood trauma. The study also found that individuals with a history of childhood trauma were more likely to have a poorer response to antipsychotic medication.

There are several theories as to why childhood trauma may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. One theory is that childhood trauma can lead to changes in the brain, such as a reduction in gray matter volume and changes in brain structure, that increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. Another theory is that childhood trauma can lead to chronic stress, which has been shown to increase the risk of developing psychosis.

In conclusion, there is strong evidence to suggest that childhood trauma is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia.

Sources:

  1. National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Schizophrenia. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml
  2. Read, J., & Argyle, N. (1999). Childhood trauma, psychological disturbance and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33(6), 517-527.
  3. Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., … Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661-671.

10. Trauma – Quote:

Childhood trauma has been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. A number of studies have shown that individuals who have experienced trauma in childhood, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect, have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. Childhood trauma can have a significant impact on the brain and its development, leading to changes in brain structure and function that can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.

For example, a study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry in 2006 found that individuals who had experienced severe childhood abuse were more than twice as likely to develop schizophrenia compared to those who had not experienced abuse. Another study, published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research in 2014, found that individuals who had experienced childhood trauma were more likely to have symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations.

It is important to note that while childhood trauma may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, it is not a direct cause. Other factors, such as genetics and environmental factors, also play a role in the development of the condition.

Resources:

  1. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2006, vol. 189, pp. 20-26.
  2. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2014, vol. 48, pp. 71-78.
  3. National Institute of Mental Health, Childhood Adversity and Psychopathology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/topics/childhood-adversity/index.shtml.

11. Trauma – Quote:

  1. “The Interplay between Childhood Trauma and Schizophrenia: A Review.” by M. Bora, P.S. Praharaj, and K. R. Thirthalli. Published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry (2015).
  2. “Childhood Trauma and Psychopathology: The Role of Trauma in the Development of Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders.” by E. L. Brown and R. A. Shevlin. Published in the Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma (2015).
  3. “Childhood Trauma, Stressful Life Events, and Risk for Schizophrenia: A Review.” by T. Mueser and J. J. Lovell. Published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research (2010).
  4. “Childhood Trauma and Its Relationship to Psychopathology: A Review of the Literature.” by L. H. Dietz and J. S. Ruchkin. Published in the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma (2009).
  5. “Childhood Trauma and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence.” by J. R. Read, L. Van Os, and J. Morrison. Published in the Psychological Medicine (2005).
  6. “Childhood Trauma and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature.” by D. R. Linscott and J. P. Van Os. Published in the Schizophrenia Research (2009).
  7. “Childhood Trauma, Brain Development, and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence.” by L. A. Ciompi. Published in the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (2004).
  8. “Childhood Trauma, Brain Development, and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence.” by K. J. Ressler, K. S. Bradley, and B. J. Lang. Published in the Neuropsychopharmacology (2004).
  9. “Childhood Trauma and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence.” by K. F. Scott and J. R. Read. Published in the Journal of Mental Health (2005).
  10. “Childhood Trauma and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence.” by J. D. Read, R. D. Lataster, and J. P. Van Os. Published in the Psychological Medicine (2014).

12. Demons – Quote:

As a language model AI I can’t endorse any particular belief or belief system, however, I can find information that some therapists believe in the link between Schizophrenia and demons.

  1. Dr. Richard Gallagher, a practicing psychiatrist and professor of clinical psychiatry, believes that some cases of schizophrenia may be linked to demonic possession. He cites his experience working with exorcists and treating patients who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia as evidence of the connection.
  2. Dr. John Richard Hagen, a licensed psychologist and co-author of “The Evil Within: A Christian View of Mental Illness and Deliverance,” believes that some cases of schizophrenia may be caused by demonic activity. He states that the symptoms of schizophrenia, such as auditory hallucinations, can be similar to those experienced by individuals who are possessed by demons.
  3. Dr. Linda LaScola, a psychologist, and co-author of “Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Spirituality in Clinical Practice,” believes that the link between schizophrenia and demons is a topic that should be explored further. She states that the connection between mental illness and spiritual or supernatural causes is often neglected in mainstream psychology, but that it is important to consider all possibilities when treating patients.

It should be noted that these views are not universally accepted in the field of psychology and psychiatry. The majority of mental health professionals do not believe in the link between schizophrenia and demons and instead attribute the symptoms to biological and environmental factors.

Sources:

  1. “The Psychiatrist, the Exorcist, and the Possession,” The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/nyregion/the-psychiatrist-the-exorcist-and-the-possession.html
  2. “The Evil Within: A Christian View of Mental Illness and Deliverance,” by John Richard Hagen and Margaret J. Hagen, https://www.amazon.com/Evil-Within-Christian-Illness-Deliverance/dp/0830846343
  3. “Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Spirituality in Clinical Practice,” by Linda LaSc

13. Demons – Quote:

  1. Psychology Today: This is an online directory that lists therapists who have a variety of beliefs and specialties. You can search for therapists who are knowledgeable in spiritual or religious therapy and who may believe in the link between schizophrenia and demons.
  2. The American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC): The AACC is a professional organization for Christian counselors and therapists. You may be able to find a therapist who believes in the link between schizophrenia and demons through their website.
  3. Local Churches or Religious Organizations: Some local churches or religious organizations may have therapists who are knowledgeable in spiritual or religious therapy and who may believe in the link between schizophrenia and demons. You may be able to find these resources through online directories or by contacting your local religious organization directly.

It is important to note that the link between schizophrenia and demons is not a widely accepted theory in the medical or mental health community, and it may be difficult to find therapists who believe in this link. It is recommended to choose a therapist who you feel comfortable with and who aligns with your beliefs and values.

14. Demons – Quote:

  1. The Deliverance Ministry (https://deliveranceministry.com/): This website is dedicated to deliverance and spiritual warfare, and it provides resources for individuals who believe in the link between schizophrenia and demons.
  2. David Oyedepo Ministries (https://davidoyedepo.org/): This ministry believes in the spiritual realm and its impact on mental health, and it offers deliverance services for individuals with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions.
  3. Shatterproof Ministries (https://www.shatterproofministries.org/): This ministry provides resources for individuals who believe in the link between mental health and spiritual warfare, and it offers deliverance services for those struggling with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions.

It is important to note that these resources are not recognized by mainstream medical and psychological communities and may not be supported by scientific evidence. It is recommended to seek help from licensed mental health professionals and medical doctors for mental health treatment and support

15. Pro-inflammatory cytokines – Quote:

  1. “Schizophrenia, autoimmune diseases and cytokines” by M.A. Boyer, published in the Journal of Neuroimmunology in 1998. Boyer, M. A. (1998). Schizophrenia, autoimmune diseases and cytokines. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83(1-2), 124-128.
  2. “Cytokine hypothesis of schizophrenia: implications for treatment” by J.E. Schwartz and M. K. Gumnit, published in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in 1999. Schwartz, J. E., & Gumnit, M. K. (1999). Cytokine hypothesis of schizophrenia: implications for treatment. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 11(2), 160-169.
  3. “Inflammation and schizophrenia: the role of cytokines in pathophysiology and treatment” by T. W. Lu, et al., published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research in 2010. Lu, T. W., Ju, Y. H., Cai, Z. M., Zhang, H. F., Feng, G. Y., Lu, G. F., … & Xie, W. (2010). Inflammation and schizophrenia: the role of cytokines in pathophysiology and treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(10), 651-658
  4. “Schizophrenia and Cytokines: A Review of the Literature” by N.M. Ongür and J.L. Price, published in Biological Psychiatry in 2000. Ongür, D., & Price, J. L. (2000). Schizophrenia and cytokines: a review of the literature. Biological psychiatry, 48(9), 967-979.
  5. “Pro-inflammatory cytokines in schizophrenia” by S.D. Mills and M.A. Sedgwick, published in the Journal of Neuroimmunology in 2002. Mills, S. D., & Sedgwick, M. A. (2002). Pro-inflammatory cytokines in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 126(1-2), 79-83.
  6. “The role of inflammation in schizophrenia” by M.C. Dantzer, published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology in 2009. Dantzer, R. (2009). The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 179-185
  7. “The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia” by J. S. Andrade and S. M. Carvalho, published in Current Opinion in Psychiatry in 2010. Andrade, J. S., & Carvalho, S. M. (2010). The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23
  8. “Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review” by J. Newcomer, published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry in 2007.
  9. “The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia” by P. R. Schürhoff and J. David, published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics in 2010.
  10. “Inflammation and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia” by J. K. Volk and M. K. Lewis, published in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews in 2011.

16. Inflammation – Quote

  1. “Schizophrenia and Inflammation: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” by van der Meer et al. (2010) in Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews
  2. “Inflammation and Schizophrenia: New Insights and Therapeutic Directions.” by Howes and Bloomfield (2016) in The Lancet Psychiatry
  3. “Inflammation in Schizophrenia: A Review of Clinical, Preclinical, and Genetic Studies.” by Zhuo et al. (2017) in Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews
  4. “Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” by Cocks et al. (2017) in Journal of Psychiatric Research
  5. “Inflammation and Schizophrenia: New Opportunities for Therapeutic Development.” by Potkin et al. (2017) in Schizophrenia Bulletin
  6. “Inflammatory markers in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.” by Setiawan et al. (2018) in Schizophrenia Research
  7. “Inflammation and schizophrenia: From bench to bedside.” by Chimenti et al. (2019) in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
  8. “Inflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: the possible involvement of neuroinflammation and antioxidant systems in the pathophysiology of the disease.” by Jauhar et al. (2020) in European Neuropsychopharmacology
  9. “Inflammation in Schizophrenia: An Overview.” by Ross and Smith (2020) in International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
  10. “Schizophrenia and Inflammation: An Update on Therapeutic Opportunities.” by Howes and Egerton (2020) in Current Opinion in Psychiatry.

17. Oxidative stress – Quote

  1. “Oxidative stress in schizophrenia: A review of the evidence and mechanisms.” (2017) by K. J. Kim et al., in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664579/
  2. “Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in schizophrenia.” (2015) by E. Öztürk et al., in the Journal of Affective Disorders. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4622900/
  3. “The role of oxidative stress in schizophrenia: A review of the evidence and implications for treatment.” (2016) by A. R. Atmaca et al., in the Journal of Neural Transmission. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-015-1524-0
  4. “Schizophrenia and oxidative stress: The current state of knowledge.” (2017) by M. C. J. DeBruine et al., in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5469144/
  5. “Oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in schizophrenia: A review of the current evidence.” (2017) by C. C. Fang et al., in the Journal of Affective Disorders. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5706100/
  6. “The role of oxidative stress in schizophrenia: A review of the evidence and implications for treatment.” (2015) by E. Z. Al-Hayani et al., in the Journal of Psychopharmacology. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881114565758
  7. “Schizophrenia and oxidative stress: From pathophysiology to therapeutic opportunities.” (2016) by M. P. Szczepankiewicz et al., in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4981364/
  8. “Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in schizophrenia.” (2017) by S. J. D’Mello et al., in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5416347/
  9. “Schizophrenia, oxidative stress and antioxidant therapies: A review of the current evidence.” (2017) by D. C. Duan et al., in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316042/
  10. “Oxidative stress and schizophrenia: A review of the literature.” (2016) by T. S. Rajkumar et al., in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4796287/

18. Oxidative stress & inflammation – Quote

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not well understood, but researchers believe that a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors contribute to its development.

One of the potential contributing factors to the development of schizophrenia is oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to detoxify these harmful molecules. ROS can cause damage to cells and contribute to inflammation, which has been linked to several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia.

Here are ten sources that provide evidence for the link between schizophrenia, oxidative stress, and inflammation:

  1. “Schizophrenia and Oxidative Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Studies on Antioxidant Parameters.” (Keskin, et al., 2016)
  2. “Schizophrenia, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Review of the Current Literature.” (Castro-Costa et al., 2018)
  3. “Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.” (Munkholm et al., 2018)
  4. “The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia.” (Smith et al., 2011)
  5. “Schizophrenia: The Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.” (Raison et al., 2013)
  6. “Schizophrenia, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Review of Clinical Studies.” (Li et al., 2016)
  7. “Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Schizophrenia: An Update.” (Kaneko et al., 2017)
  8. “The Interaction Between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Schizophrenia.” (Chopra et al., 2017)
  9. “Schizophrenia and Inflammation: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Opportunities.” (Schäfer et al., 2017)
  10. “Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Findings.” (Sánchez-Martín et al., 2018)

In conclusion, several studies have shown a link between schizophrenia and increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that these factors may play a role in the development and progression of the disorder. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between these factors and schizophrenia, and to develop new therapeutic strategies for treating this debilitating illness.

19. Oxidative stress & inflammation – Quote

One area of research that has gained increasing attention in recent years is the link between schizophrenia and oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to neutralize them. Inflammation is a response to injury or infection, characterized by increased production of cytokines and other signaling molecules that activate immune cells.

Studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia have higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation compared to healthy individuals. Here are ten sources that support this link:

  1. “Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Schizophrenia” by P. Dickerson, M.L. Rapaport (2014) – This review article discusses the evidence for an association between schizophrenia and oxidative stress and inflammation.
  2. “Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Schizophrenia: Implications for Pathophysiology and Treatment” by R.K. Bhagwagar, D.S. Baldwin (2010) – This review article summarizes the evidence for the link between schizophrenia and oxidative stress and inflammation and discusses potential implications for the treatment of the disease.
  3. “Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Schizophrenia” by M. Maes, K. Bosmans, P. Suy (1997) – This study found that individuals with schizophrenia had higher levels of oxidative stress markers compared to healthy individuals.
  4. “Inflammation in Schizophrenia: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics” by A.K. Verma, A.R. Keshavan (2017) – This review article discusses the evidence for an association between schizophrenia and inflammation and the potential implications for the treatment of the disease.
  5. “Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Antioxidant Therapy in Schizophrenia” by Y. Zhang, L. Li, X. Yang (2017) – This review article summarizes the evidence for the link between schizophrenia and oxidative stress and inflammation and discusses potential antioxidant therapies for the treatment of the disease.
  6. “Schizophrenia and Oxidative Stress: The Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Schizophrenia” by M. Kaur, K. Kataria, M. Singh (2016) – This review article discusses the evidence for the link between schizophrenia and oxidative stress and the potential role of antioxidants in the treatment of the disease.
  7. “Inflammatory Markers in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” by L. Stahl, A. Eggers, M.K. Depp (2015) – This study found that individuals with schizophrenia had higher levels of inflammation markers compared to healthy individuals.
  8. “Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” by X. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Gao (2017) – This study found that individuals with schizophrenia had higher levels of oxidative stress markers compared to healthy individuals.
  9. “Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” by L. Stahl, M.K. Depp, A. Eggers (2016) – This study found that individuals with schizophrenia had higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation markers compared to healthy individuals.

20. Celiac – Quote:

Schizophrenia is a complex and serious mental disorder that affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and apathy. Celiac disease is a digestive disorder that affects the small intestine and is caused by an intolerance to gluten. It is characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. The link between these two conditions is not yet fully understood, but there is growing evidence that they may be related.

  1. A study conducted by the University of Bologna, Italy, found that patients with schizophrenia have a higher risk of developing celiac disease. This study used data from over 1,000 patients and found that schizophrenia was significantly associated with celiac disease. (1)
  2. Another study conducted by the University of Helsinki, Finland, found that patients with celiac disease are more likely to experience symptoms of schizophrenia. The study found that celiac disease was associated with increased symptoms of psychosis and cognitive impairment. (2)
  3. A meta-analysis conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States found that patients with schizophrenia have a higher prevalence of celiac disease. This study analyzed data from over 6,000 patients and found that patients with schizophrenia are three times more likely to have celiac disease compared to the general population. (3)
  4. Research conducted by the University of Florence, Italy, found that patients with celiac disease have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. The study found that celiac disease was associated with a three-fold increase in the risk of developing schizophrenia. (4)
  5. A study conducted by the University of Montreal, Canada, found that patients with celiac disease have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. The study found that celiac disease was associated with a four-fold increase in the risk of developing schizophrenia. (5)
  6. Another study conducted by the University of Florence, Italy, found that patients with celiac disease have a higher risk of experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. The study found that celiac disease was associated with an increased risk of experiencing symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. (6)
  7. A study conducted by the University of British Columbia, Canada, found that patients with celiac disease have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. The study found that celiac disease was associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of developing schizophrenia. (7)
  8. A meta-analysis conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States found that patients with celiac disease have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. This study analyzed data from over 6,000 patients and found that patients with celiac disease are four times more likely to develop schizophrenia compared to the general population. (8)
  9. A study conducted by the University of Helsinki, Finland, found that patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of developing celiac disease. The study found that schizophrenia was associated with a three-fold increase in the risk of developing celiac disease. (9)
  10. Another study conducted by the University of Florence, Italy, found that patients with celiac disease have a higher risk of experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. The study found that celiac disease was associated with an increased risk of experiencing symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. (10)

Sources:

  1. Catassi, C., et al. (2007). The overlap between celiac disease and schizophrenia. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102(9), 2020-2025.
  2. Collin, P., et al. (2006). Celiac disease and psychosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology .. Response cut off by AI.

21. Celiac – Quote

Schizophrenia and celiac disease are two separate medical conditions, but there is evidence that suggests a link between the two. Some studies have shown that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have celiac disease than the general population. This could be due to a number of factors, including genetic and environmental factors.

One study conducted in Turkey found that the prevalence of celiac disease among patients with schizophrenia was 7.7%, compared to a rate of 1% in the general population (Ozturk et al., 2016). Another study conducted in India found a similar trend, with 6.3% of patients with schizophrenia being diagnosed with celiac disease (Singh et al., 2016).

Some researchers believe that the link between schizophrenia and celiac disease may be due to shared genetic factors. For example, a study conducted in Italy found that people with schizophrenia and celiac disease have a higher frequency of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, which are known to be associated with celiac disease (Di Sabatino et al., 2009).

There is also evidence that suggests that celiac disease may trigger or worsen symptoms of schizophrenia. One study conducted in Italy found that when patients with schizophrenia and celiac disease followed a gluten-free diet, they experienced significant improvements in their symptoms of schizophrenia (Gobbi et al., 2016).

In conclusion, while further research is needed to fully understand the link between schizophrenia and celiac disease, there is evidence to suggest that these two conditions may be related. It is important for healthcare professionals to consider the possibility of celiac disease in patients with schizophrenia, as it may play a role in the management of their symptoms.

References:

Di Sabatino, A., Corazza, G. R., & Capriati, T. (2009). HLA haplotype and celiac disease in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(7), 1014-1019.

Gobbi, G., Barbato, M., & Brambilla, F. (2016). The gluten-free diet in patients with schizophrenia: Is it really a beneficial treatment? A systematic review of the literature. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 444-449.

Ozturk, M., Ozturk, A., Cetinkaya, E., et al. (2016). Celiac disease in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(2), 146-152.

Singh, P., Pal, H., Misra, S., et al. (2016). High prevalence of celiac disease in Indian patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 36(5), 493-498.

22. Methylation

Schizophrenia is a complex and debilitating mental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the world’s population. Despite extensive research, the underlying causes of schizophrenia remain unclear. However, recent studies suggest that epigenetic modifications, particularly methylation, may play a crucial role in the development of the disease.

Methylation is a process in which a methyl group is added to the DNA molecule, resulting in a change in gene expression. This modification is critical in regulating the expression of various genes, including those associated with schizophrenia.

Several studies have shown that altered methylation patterns are commonly observed in individuals with schizophrenia. For example, a study by Weiser et al. (2018) found that individuals with schizophrenia had increased methylation of the reelin gene, which has been associated with the development of the disease. Additionally, a study by Dempster et al. (2015) found that individuals with schizophrenia had decreased methylation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene, which has also been implicated in the development of the disease.

Similarly, a study by Fan et al. (2019) found that individuals with schizophrenia had altered methylation patterns in several genes involved in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity, including the neuregulin 1 gene. Additionally, a study by Liu et al. (2017) found that individuals with schizophrenia had altered methylation patterns in several genes involved in the regulation of the immune system, which has been linked to the development of the disease.

These findings suggest that epigenetic modifications, particularly methylation, play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia. However, more research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between methylation, gene expression, and the development of schizophrenia.

In conclusion, the link between schizophrenia and methylation is a promising area of research that may provide new insights into the causes and potential treatments for this debilitating disease.

Sources:

Dempster, E. L., Pidsley, R., Schalkwyk, L. C., Owens, S., Georgiades, A., Kane, F., … & Mill, J. (2015). DNA methylation maps of the human brain reveal differential methylation across development and schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 5(6), e566.

Fan, J., Song, L., Zhang, C., & Liu, J. (2019). Altered DNA methylation in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 201, 166-174.

Liu, J., Fan, J., Chen, Y., Song, L., Zhang, C., & Li, J. (2017). Altered DNA methylation of immune-related genes in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 185, 12-19.

Weiser, M., Strous, R. D., Kotler, M., Levine, J., Rabinowitz, J., & Malaspina, D. (2018). The epigenetics of schizophrenia. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 19(3), 159-171.

23. Methylation

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking. Methylation, on the other hand, refers to the addition of a methyl group (CH3) to DNA, which can alter gene expression and function. There is growing evidence that aberrant methylation patterns are involved in the development and manifestation of schizophrenia.

Several studies have found that DNA methylation changes are associated with specific genes involved in the development of schizophrenia, such as the DISC1 gene (Bertelsen et al., 2014), the NRG1 gene (Yuan et al., 2016), and the MIR137 gene (Fromer et al., 2014). These genes are believed to play a crucial role in brain development, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal communication, and their dysfunction may contribute to the onset of schizophrenia.

Additionally, epigenetic changes caused by methylation can also contribute to the disruption of brain function and regulation, leading to the symptoms of schizophrenia (Lal & Dieterich, 2017). For example, DNA methylation has been implicated in the regulation of glutamate neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, which are known to be altered in schizophrenia (Lal & Dieterich, 2017).

Moreover, environmental factors such as stress, trauma, and substance abuse have also been found to induce methylation changes that may contribute to the development of schizophrenia (Gupta et al., 2015). These factors can interact with genetic susceptibility and epigenetically modify gene expression, leading to an increased risk for schizophrenia.

In conclusion, there is growing evidence that methylation plays a critical role in the development and manifestation of schizophrenia. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop new treatment strategies that target these epigenetic changes.

References:

Bertelsen, B., Gejl, M., Djurovic, S., Gustafsson, O., & Le Hellard, S. (2014). Methylation of the DISC1 gene and susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 157(1-3), 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.002

Fromer, M., Pocklington, A. J., Kavanagh, D. H., Williams, H. J., Dwyer, S., Gormley, P., … & Stefansson, H. (2014). De novo mutations in schizophrenia implicate synaptic networks. Nature, 506(7487), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12975

Gupta, S., Matta, H., et al. (2015). Epigenetics of schizophrenia: recent advances and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000136

Lal, S., & Dieterich, D. C. (2017). The role of epigenetic modifications in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 327. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00327

Yuan, Y., Shihabuddin, L. S., Egan, M. F., Straub, R. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (2016). Methylation of the neuregulin 1 gene and susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 173(2-3), 252-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.016

24. Methylation and B vitamins – Quote

Recent research has suggested that changes in DNA methylation, a process that regulates gene expression, may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. One way this regulation can occur is through the involvement of b-vitamins, specifically B12 and folate, which are essential cofactors for DNA methylation.

Studies have found that individuals with schizophrenia often have alterations in their DNA methylation patterns, particularly in genes related to the neurotransmitter systems involved in the disorder. Additionally, research has shown that low levels of B12 and folate can lead to decreased DNA methylation and an increased risk for schizophrenia.

In conclusion, the link between schizophrenia and methylation b-vitamins is complex and still being explored. However, evidence suggests that changes in DNA methylation may contribute to the development of schizophrenia, and that b-vitamins may play a role in regulating this process.

Sources:

Karn, J., Breier, A., Adler, L., & Weisenfeld, N. (1999). Vitamin B(12) and folate deficiency in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of clinical psychiatry, 60(6), 442-447.

Miller, J. J., & Fatemi, S. H. (2015). B-vitamins and epigenetics: what is known and what is yet to be explored?. Nutrients, 7(9), 7420-7436.

Tost, H., Kolachana, B., Hakak, Y., Rack, J. P., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Verchinski, B. A., … & Weinberger, D. R. (2007). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature neuroscience, 10(3), 467-474.

25. MTHFR gene mutation – Quote

The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown, but it is believed to be a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

The MTHFR gene is involved in the methylation cycle, which is responsible for the regulation of various biological processes including DNA methylation, histone modification, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Mutation of the MTHFR gene is associated with an increased risk of a range of health problems, including neural tube defects, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers.

Studies have found that the MTHFR gene is also associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. For example, a meta-analysis of multiple studies found that the C677T variant of the MTHFR gene is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia (Jiang, et al., 2015). This variant is known to impair the function of the MTHFR enzyme, leading to decreased methylation and increased homocysteine levels. These changes are thought to disrupt the normal functioning of the brain and contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

It is important to note that the link between MTHFR gene mutations and schizophrenia is not fully understood and is still the subject of ongoing research. The relationship between the two is complex and likely involves multiple genes and environmental factors. However, the evidence to date suggests that the MTHFR gene plays a role in the development of schizophrenia and could be a potential target for future treatments.

References:

Jiang, Y., Fan, Y., Chen, J., Ma, X., & Zhang, D. (2015). MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism and risk of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. European psychiatry, 30(7), 522-529.

26 – MTHFR gene mutation and liver detox – Quote

The MTHFR gene has been found to play a role in schizophrenia and other mental health conditions, particularly in its ability to affect the body’s ability to detoxify itself.

The MTHFR gene produces an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down folic acid in the liver. Folic acid is an essential nutrient for the body, and the breakdown of this nutrient is critical for liver detoxification. If the MTHFR gene is not functioning properly, it can result in decreased liver detoxification and an accumulation of toxic substances in the body. This accumulation of toxins can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation, which has been linked to the development of schizophrenia and other mental health conditions.

Therefore, the link between schizophrenia and MTHFR liver detox is rooted in the gene’s ability to influence the body’s ability to detoxify itself. When this detoxification process is compromised, it can lead to a buildup of toxic substances in the body and an increased risk of developing schizophrenia and other mental health conditions.

Sources:

  1. Demily, C., Dekeyne, A., Serres, M. P., André, C., Chokri, N., Arbon, E., … & Danel, T. (2016). Schizophrenia and MTHFR gene: a review. Journal of genetics and genomic sciences, 4(1), 2.
  2. Folate, MTHFR and Mental Health. (2021, January 6). Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://www.drvitacost.com/knowledge-center/mthfr-and-mental-health
  3. Jin, Y., & Ro, H. (2010). The MTHFR C677T polymorphism and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 120(1-3), 140-147.

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Note from Ethan 2/13/2023: This is why I recommend looking at Folate , not Folic Acid.. Many people who have these problems cannot utilize the FA or may be harmed by it. Please research the impact of this ‘gene mutation’ on your ability to detox from environmental toxins, and from drugs. From my experience, in my non-medical opinion, there is a link between this compromised ability to detox and mental health problems, all the way up to life threatening reactions to common antibiotics like Cipro Notice that there are links among all the above.. toxins, detoxing, deficiencies, inflammation, oxidative stress, psychological stress, etc. Ask questions like how do I improve detoxing, how do I limit exposure to things which cause oxidative stress and inflammation. How do you give your body the raw materials needed to create needed enzymes.. Keep in mind things like alcohol, sugar, and other substances require the body to create enzymes or use up minerals in order to detox from… If your absoprion is compromised, such as having celiac or low stomach acidity or other conditions you will absorb less minerals. Every insult to the mind-body causes stress, and requires resources for the body to recover from. Insults are psychological, mental, environmental, chemical, also in the form of stress induced by artificial lights, noises, video games, smoking, etc… Keep in mind there is a link between Schizophrenia and mineral deficiencies. Final note, non of this is medical advice. It is only speculation and you are advised to please ignore this entire article. Everything I said on this page along with all the quotes shared are wrong. Read at your own risk.

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27. MTHFR gene mutation and liver detox – Quote

One of the possible causes of schizophrenia is a genetic predisposition, which is influenced by genetic mutations that affect brain function and development.

One of the most well-known genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia is the MTHFR gene. The MTHFR gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that plays a role in breaking down an amino acid called homocysteine. When the MTHFR gene is mutated, it can result in elevated homocysteine levels and a decrease in the activity of the MTHFR enzyme, which can increase the risk of various health problems, including schizophrenia.

Moreover, the MTHFR gene also affects liver detoxification. The liver plays a crucial role in removing toxins from the body and metabolizing drugs and other substances. When the MTHFR gene is mutated, it can result in decreased liver detoxification, leading to an accumulation of toxins in the body, which can exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia.

In conclusion, the MTHFR gene and its impact on the liver detoxification system may play a role in the development and progression of schizophrenia. Further research is needed to fully understand the link between the MTHFR gene and schizophrenia and to develop new treatments that target this genetic mutation.

Sources:

  1. Ma, Y., Zhang, H., Guan, Z., & Zhang, X. (2020). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene Polymorphisms and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology and treatment, 16, 567-578.
  2. Leunissen, J. A., & Brouwer, I. A. (2017). Homocysteine and MTHFR gene variants as risk factors for mental disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 98-107.
  3. Cui, Y., Ma, Y., Guo, Z., & Zhang, X. (2020). The Role of MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms in Liver Detoxification: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current drug metabolism, 21(1), 70-75.

28. MTHFR and liver detox – Quote

MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the body’s ability to process folic acid and convert it into its active form, methylfolate. This process is essential for several bodily functions, including DNA synthesis and the regulation of homocysteine levels.

The liver is responsible for detoxifying the body by removing harmful substances, such as drugs, toxins, and metabolic waste products. This detoxification process requires several enzymes, including those involved in the methylation pathway, which is where MTHFR plays a role.

Individuals with MTHFR mutations may have reduced MTHFR activity and, as a result, decreased methylation capacity. This reduction can lead to an increased accumulation of toxins in the liver, leading to liver damage and disease. Additionally, individuals with MTHFR mutations may also have an increased risk of liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cirrhosis.

In conclusion, MTHFR plays a critical role in the liver’s ability to detoxify harmful substances and maintain optimal liver health. Individuals with MTHFR mutations may have decreased methylation capacity and an increased risk of liver disease, making it important for them to maintain a healthy liver through proper diet and lifestyle choices.

Sources:

  1. Frosst, P., Blom, H. J., Milos, R., Goyette, P., Sheppard, C. A., Matthews, RG., & Boers, GJ. (1995). A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nature Genetics, 10(1), 111-113. doi:10.1038/ng0295-111
  2. Kim, Y. J., & Rinella, M. E. (2015). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(1), 85-95. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1402159
  3. Millán, J., & Fernández, E. (2016). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Polymorphisms and Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 6(4), 302-312. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2016.05.005

Thanks, come back!

This concludes this post. Find all the articles I shared relating to this topic using this link. While the title of these articles may not spell out the word schizophrenia, they do discuss and share valuable information on the topic I recommend you do read, write down, save, and share.

Come back later for more. Save, print, save as PDF, and share all of the information found on this website for posterity and to share with others to promote research and debate.

Correlation

Looking through all the above. Ask questions like: How do I improve detoxing, how do I limit exposure to things that contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation? How do I give my body the raw materials needed to create needed enzymes.. How to lower inflammation? How to improve detoxing? How to lower inflammation (dietary, behavioral, mental, even using grounding etc)

Keep in mind things like alcohol, sugar, unnatural chemicals, pollution, colorings, pesticides, herbicides, coffee, heavy metals, PFOAs, PFCs, and other substances require the body to create enzymes or use up minerals (use resources) in order to detox or to bring back balance

If your intake is lacking (most of our nutritional intake is), or absorption is compromised, such as having celiac, or low stomach acidity or other conditions you will absorb less minerals.

Every insult to the mind-body can push the body out of balance, can cause stress; then, the body requires resources to recover from. Insults come in many types, psychological, mental, environmental, chemical, structural, physical, physical injury, exposure to trauma, also in the form of acute stress, chronic stress such as stress induced by artificial lights, noises, video games, lack of sleep, dehydration, smoking, etc… All of these are potentially linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, creating feedback loops that can keep the body constantly rebalancing and using up resources.

If your body was compromised by an insult, trauma, or a gene mutation, these factors add up and you are at a higher risk of symptoms.

What comes first, deficiencies, trauma, detox problems, or the mental health conditions? Stress and trauma make everything worse, promote inflammation and deficiencies and compromise absorption and repair.. Addressing all aspects improves your chances of making positive changes.

Final note, non of this is medical advice. It is only speculation and you are advised to please ignore this entire article. Everything I said on this page along with all the quotes shared are baseless speculations. Read at your own risk

Related posts:

Consciousness & Mindfulness, Diet & Nutrition, Research & Resources, Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin, Vitamin B9 Folate
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